Once again, summer has arrived, and soon we will welcome August 15th. Reflecting on war isn't confined to just this day, but with an increase in programs and retrospectives across the media, it's impossible not to contemplate. People often say that history doesn't have "what ifs." Personally, when I think back to the foolish Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War that Japan initiated against the world, I wonder where Japan took the wrong path and when that point might have been if history were to be changed. In his work "Clouds above the Hill," Ryotaro Shiba wrote that it might have been during the Russo-Japanese War. Personally, I believe it traces back to the way the Meiji Restoration was executed. However, delving that far back introduces too many uncertain variables, making the discussion increasingly detached from reality.
Hiromu Nonaka passed away on January 12, 2021, at the age of 90. He was an outspoken advocate for anti-war and peace. Upon joining Bungeishunju Ltd., he worked as an editor for Ryotaro Shiba while also serving as the editor-in-chief of "Shukan Bunshun" and "Gekkan Bungei Shunju." He authored numerous works related to Showa history. Among these, "Showa-shi" stands as a culmination, yet it is remarkably accessible in its narrative tone, making it easy to read for those like me who haven't experienced war and for younger generations. According to Hiromu Nonaka, the moment the clock's gears started to go awry was the so-called "Significant Incident in Manchuria" that occurred on June 4, 1928 (Showa Year 3), the assassination of Zhang Zuolin, a member of China's major warlords. The Kwantung Army, backed by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, orchestrated the incident with careful planning, providing money to two Chinese individuals to carry out the act.
Japan considered Russia and later the Soviet Union as virtual enemy countries since the Meiji Restoration. As an island nation, Japan couldn't defend its extensive coastline entirely. Consequently, to eliminate Russian influence, the Sino-Japanese War ensued to gain control of the Korean Peninsula. Subsequently, to safeguard interests beyond the Korean Peninsula, namely in Manchuria (now the northeastern part of China), Japan initiated the Russo-Japanese War. Thus, Japan expanded its battlefronts beyond its capabilities, time after time. In this sense, I also consider that there might have been something odd about the arguments for the annexation of Korea after the Meiji Restoration. However, the pivotal point at which Japan lost control of its military was the assassination of Zhang Zuolin.
From the outset, Emperor Showa and his close associates seemed to suspect that the incident might have been a scheme by the Army. The more they investigated, the more evidence surfaced. Initially, Prime Minister Yoshio Tanaka, acting on the Emperor's orders, began to investigate if the Army was behind the incident. However, as the evidence increasingly pointed to the Army's involvement, he began to anticipate the possibility of cracks developing in the relationship between the burgeoning Army's arrogance and the Emperor. Consequently, Prime Minister Yoshio Tanaka replied to the Emperor, "The Army is not involved." Simultaneously, one of the Emperor's closest advisors, Saionji, started softening towards the Army for some reason, suggesting that it might be better not to escalate the matter, surprising other advisors. In the end, there were no consequences for Colonel Daisaku Kawamoto, a member of the Kwantung Army staff who was directly implicated. Behind the scenes, it appears that there was a power struggle between the Army's hardliners and peace advocates, and it seems that the peace advocates succumbed to the hardliners' threats. These developments are not conjecture on Nonaka's part; they are grounded in various pieces of tangible evidence, including subsequent writings from the Army, and the issue isn't a matter of differing interpretations.
As a result of this incident, as well as events like the Manchurian Incident, a pattern emerges where the military goes on a rampage first. Originally, such actions should lead to court-martial and capital punishment without orders, but instead of any repercussions, the government eventually approves these actions and even provides additional budgets. This pattern becomes established.
Not only the Army, but the Navy also follows a similar pattern. Furthermore, major newspapers at the time, such as Asahi Shimbun and Mainichi Shimbun, just publish the military's statements as they are. People instinctively resist positive stories about Western responses that damage Japan's pride or news related to the economy. Newspapers write these articles because they need to sell copies.
What we must be careful about today is realizing that what might appear as a minor event in the grand scope of history can actually be a pivotal moment that shapes subsequent history. Without realizing this, and without critically examining these events, we might unintentionally allow them to repeat. A common sentiment among individuals like Hiromu Nonaka, who argue that war should never happen again, is that Japan's current public opinion is becoming similar to that before World War II. This year, 2022, marks 77 years since the end of the war. Undoing the history of 77 years of peace could take just one war. In the previous war, Japan lost three million lives. If another war were to occur, the loss of lives would likely be significantly greater. We must not forget this.
This summer, I strongly recommend reading "Showa-shi." It can be finished in a day, yet its impact lasts a lifetime.